Developmental Psychology
There are various branches of psychology. The developmental psychology is one of them.
Definition to Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology obviously deals with the
human growth and development so it deals with how the physical, mental, social
development occurs in human life from the womb to tom.
The psychologists do not only concern to the
physical changes but also the social, emotional and cognitive development that
occurs throughout life.
 |
| [Gaurab & Saurab] |
Developmental psychology is simply the study of
human growth and development.
Developmental psychology contains human growth;
human development and differences between human growth and development etc are the
study area of developmental psychology.
Human Growth
The changes in human body are growth as per the
developmental psychology. Growth refers to the changes in shape and size of
internal and external body organs. For example when there is the physical
intercourse between man and woman then there is the conception. The sperm of
man and ovum of woman meet each other then the new life starts in the uterus of
mother.
The child gets birth after 290 days in the womb of the
mother. The duration or period is called prenatal stages or periods. There are
mainly 3 stages that every child passes in the womb of the mother.
a. Period
of Ovum or Germinal Period or Period of
Zygote
This
is a short period about 15 days. After the contact of sperm and ovum the zygote
moves towards uterus which takes 9 days. Once it reaches in the uterus it is
divided into two parts the outer parts and inner parts.
b. Period
of Embryo
This
is the period up to 6 weeks. The growth in this stage goes little deeper. The
vital organs are developed. For
examples, nervous system, brain, skin, glands nails and hairs and various
systems like excretory system salivary glands are developed.
c. Period
of Fetus
The
stage from two weeks to the birth comes under Fetus stage. The child is almost
fully developed. If we really check the fetus around nine weeks into the
pregnancy, it develops the assigned sex, though it cannot yet be seen on
ultrasound. Major body systems and organs continue to develop and grow in the
fetus. Hair, eyelashes, and fingernails are examples of things that grow.
The Table of Prenatal Stage
|
S.
N. |
Prenatal
Stage |
Features |
|
1 |
Period
of Ovum or Germinal Period or Period
of Zygote |
During
this journey, the zygote divides many times, eventually creating two separate
structures. |
|
2 |
Period
of Embryo |
Structures
and organs like the neural tube such as head, eyes, mouth and limbs form
begins to form and grow. The embryo’s heart begins to develop and pulse
around the sixth week. |
|
3 |
Period
of Fetus |
It
starts from 9 weeks to 9 months. The fetus develops its all the major and
minor organs like eye moved forward the face, palate and teach-ridge etc are
developed. The heartbeat of the child can be seen. |
The Postnatal Stage
The postnatal stage of human growth and development is also called the stages after the birth of the child. Those stages can be categorized into 8 as follows:
Infancy
The
first stage after birth is called infancy in human growth and development. As
the name suggests the child is infant or newly born who struggles in adjusting
temperature, breathing, shocking and swallowing etc.
The
children also develop the sex roles based on their genders. Female child reacts
and behaves differently than the male child. For example while choosing a doll
or toys, the girl may go for doll while a boy may take the ball. Baby boys
often seem more destructive than the baby girls. Babyhood is also characterized
as appealing age when, they appeal many people towards themselves. Children
also reflects the creativity do something differently. Babyhood is a hazardous
age because children at this stage are in danger of physical problems and
psychological problems.
Early
Childhood
The
age of 2 years to 6 years comes under early childhood stage. This is also
called the preschool stage. Children most of the time wants to play with toys
and dolls. They also love to play with the friends.
Some
characteristics of early childhood as per the various people can be listed as
follows:
The
hazards of early childhood also can be categorized into two: physical and
psychological hazards.
The
stages of early childhood can be presented as follows:
Late Childhood
The
duration of 6 years to 12/13 years come under the late childhood period. It is
the stage until the child turns up towards the sexual maturity. The qualities
and features of late childhood are according to parents:
a. Troublesome
age
b. Sloppy
age
c. Quarrelsome
age
In
the same way, educators mention it as the elementary school and critical age.
Psychologists
describe this age as gang age, creative age and play age.
The
hazards such as physical and psychological are potential in late childhood as
in the early childhood stage of human development.
The
characteristics and features are listed as follows:
Puberty
It
is the stage when the boy or girl starts towards the sexual maturity. Some
scholars and psychologists suggest this is the transition from childhood to
adolescence. As per the development it is overlapping stage also because some
children begins in puberty at the age of 12 and ends with 14 but others starts
at the age of 14 and ends with 16. The human growth and development is
influenced, affected and determined according to the context and nationality.
For example the children in the age of 12 begin with puberty in western
societies but they appear as the age of 15/16 in some Asian countries.
The children as this stage show completely different behaviors according to the gender. This is the first stage to start adulthood from childhood.
The qualities/features/characteristics of puberty
1.
Puberty is an overlapping period.
2. A short period of human growth and
development
3.
A time of rapid growth and change
4.
It is a negative phase
5.
It occurs at a variable age
Adolescence
The stage falls between childhood to adulthood. After puberty the adolescence starts. This is the true transition or bridge of childhood to adulthood. The children in present day are called adolescence to those who are matured physically, mentally, psychologically, sexually. It is the stage after the nightfall in boys and menstruation in girl.
The
boys and girls at this stage are called adolescents. The features and
characteristics of this stage are as it is important, transitional, period of
change, search for identity, a dreaded, age of problem, and threshold of
adulthood. Many people believe it as an age of day dreaming.
All
the stages of human growth and development, there is the possibility of
hazards. Adolescence cannot be the exception.
The features and qualities of adolescence are as follows:
1.
Adolescence is an important period.
2.
Adolescence is a transitional period.
3. It is a period of change.
4.
A time of search of identity
5.
It is a dreaded (painful) age
6.
A age of problem
7.
Threshold (foundation) of adulthood
8.
A age of day dreaming
Adulthood
This
stage refers to the fully developed stage of human life. People at this stage
are physically, mentally and emotionally matured. In other words, the whole
life after the adolescence is called adulthood.
The
adaptation and adjustment with social freedom and legally approved status is
adulthood.
Adulthood is characterized as the age of
a. Maturity
b. Self
Confidence
c. Autonomy
d. Solid
decision making
e. Practicality
f. Life
settlement and financial freedom
g. Value
changing about individual and social life.
h. Fully
developed from legal, social and political aspects.
i.
It is a creative age as well.
Middle Age
It is the age after adulthood. People from the age
of 40 to 60 normally comes under this stage. The person at this stage is
falling down from physical and mental maturity. The climax of human growth and
development begins to go down. Some developmental psychologists mentioned two
stages of middle age; i.e. early middle age and advanced middle age.
a. Early
middle age (40-50 Years)
b. Advanced
middle age (50-60 Years)
·
The common characteristics of middle age
can be listed as follows:
·
It is a dreaded period of life.
·
Middle age is a time of transition in
human growth and development.
·
Psychologists refer this stage is a
stressful and an age of various pressures.
·
This stage is the time of achievement.
·
People start to evaluate their life,
success and satisfaction at this stage.
·
Many psychologists refer this age is the
time of boredom
Old Age
The final stage of human life comes under this age.
The life after 60 comes under the old age. Some countries specify the average
age is below 60 years in such context the old age life is not applicable.
Whatever the case this stage is truly falling down of overall human life that
is to say the life is in the process of decaying physically, mentally,
emotionally and psychologically. Many governments start to offer
old-age-allowance to protect.
Some characteristics of old age:
a. A
true age of decline
b. An
age of poor adjustment
c. It
is the age of dependency to others.
Determination of sex and the twins, diffusion of human genes
Human life begins in the womb of mother after the
contact of ovum of mother and sperm of father after sexual intercourse. There
are altogether 23 chromosomes donated by mother and equal numbers of
chromosomes from father. All the (23) chromosomes are 'X' in female. 22 'X' but
one X/Y are transferred from father. The sex of the child is determined by the
final chromosome the X from mother and X or Y from father. If the X of mother
contacts with the x of father then the child is female but if the X of mother
contacts with the Y of father then the child is male.
The figure illustrates the concept of determination
of sex.
The Twins
Twins refers to the two child or offspring from the
same pregnancy. It is a process or result of having two children at once. The
formulation process of twins determines so many aspects in their further life. This
process is categorized into two:
a. Monozygotic
Monozygotic twins are formulated and developed from one zygotic and later they
are developed into two embryos. Such type of twins are called identical twins. The
sex of the child is same in monozygotic twins. Since there are so many features
and developments are more similar or identical in monozygotic twins.
b. Dizygotic:
The twins are formulated with two separate ovum and two separate sperm. There
may be same sex of child or different in dizygoic twins unlike to monozygotic
twins. Even though they are twins but we can notice many differences in
dizygotic twins.
Some statistics regarding twins
birth are as 9-16 children are born as twins out of 1000 child birth in the
United States.
The highest twin birth rate in the
world is marked in West African countries including Nigeria and neighboring
countries where about 36-60 children are born as twins out of 1000 child birth.
The record of twins birth in South
Asia is lowest.
Monozygotic Vs Dizygotic Twins
Monozygotic twins are identical in
their IQ,
Monozygotic twins are same in their
gender,
The skin tone, facial features and
body build are same in monozygotic twins.
On the contrary to monozygotic, the
dyzynotic twins are high chance of difference in their IQ, gender, skin tone,
facial features and body build and so on.
Note: Monozygotic twins share almost all the same
DNA whereas the dyzygotic twins shares about 50% of DNA.
[The Twins]
Factors Affecting Human Development, Heredity, Environment,
The entire human growth and development is based on
the contribution impacts of heredity and environment. Human growth and
development is normally believed as fusion of heredity and environment. The
heredity factors are intelligence, sex, race, height, weight and structural
features.
The environmental features are nutrition, fresh air
and light, open environment, family status, culture and disease and injuries.
Psychologists are divided into two groups the
supporters of heredity in development and supporters of environment in
development.
The developmental psychologists who highlight the
impacts of heredity or nature claim that it is the heredity or nature which is
transfer from the parents plays more significant roles in the human growth and
development. All the achievement and success are determined by heredity. The
example of the footballer Cristiano Ronaldo got success in sports it is not
because of environment but because of heredity. As they claim that alone
Ronaldo did not play/practice the game. There were so many players got the same
environment, couch and inspiration but why only one player became successful.
It is because he had the potentiality or heredity or nature to grab this
success where environment performed a little role.
On the other hand, those psychologists who highlight
the significance of environmental role in determining the human growth and
development.
Issues of human development, Nature vs. Nurture, continuity vs. discontinuity, Stability vs. change
There is the issues and
controversies in the understanding and view point of the people regarding
nature vs. nurture, continuity vs. discontinuity and stability vs. change.
Nature Vs Nurture
Nature refers to what people
are having or is influenced by genetic inheritance as well as some other
biological factors. Nurture is what influences the development after
conception. We can say nurture is an exposure, experiences and learning from
the birth to death.
There is a beautiful
question which can be answered.
What is life?
Life is a combination,
fusion, product of nature and nurture. The seed we receive from parents, the
atmosphere we receive from our surrounding and atmosphere. The child can learn
and perform when her innate quality is flourished with the exposure,
experiences and learning.
Philosophically, the
debate started when the popular English philosopher John Lock claim in 1600 AD
that the child mind at the birth is Tabula Rasa (Blank Sheet of Paper), in
which we can add, mark, implant, write through the exposure, teaching,
experience and so on. He claimed that it is nurture which plays vital role or
100% role in learning and development.
Continuity Vs Discontinuity
Every type of
development and changes in human like physical, mental, psychomotor and
cognitive represent human development. The main issue here is when a child gets
birth then we can see and realize visible and invisible growth and development.
It is understood that growth and development is continuous. But the question is
if it is continuous when is the maximum development at the stage of death?
For example
If our head and hand
growl always till the death then how long our hand will be and how big our head
will be? What is the maximum height of a
man? 5 Feet/10 Feet/20Feet? In a similar way some people do not have basic
knowledge of calculation and analysis at the age of 25 whereas some of them can
do it at the age of 15.
The conclusion is we
cannot say growth and development stops at the specific stage of human life but
it may be slow and fast as per the nature and requirement.
Stability Vs. Change
Human growth and development is stable or changeable
is another significant issue. During the conception, only 46 chromosomes but in
9 months it becomes a prefect child. After that in 10 years after birth s/he
becomes mature and perfect. So, we can say development is changeable but not
stable. But the question is whether all types of growth and development are
changeable in every stage of human life? Some behavior, nature and development
are stable in the child.
To sum up, human development involves a combination
of stable and changeable aspects. While some aspects of development tend to
show relative stability, others are influenced by various factors and can be
modified over time. Understanding this dynamic nature of human development is
crucial in promoting personal growth, well-being, and adaptability throughout
the lifespan.
Some complex feature of human growth and development are as follows:
Development is the product of
maturation and learning.
Development is the product of
maturation and learning.
Development pattern is predictable.
We can notice individual
differences in development.
There are stages in developmental
pattern
There are stages/periods in
development
Different areas develop at
different rates
Potential hazards are at every stage
Methods of Study Human Growth & Development
In the subject of developmental psychology, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are two prominent study strategies used to investigate various aspects of human development. Both systems have distinct advantages and disadvantages, and they serve different objectives in examining evolution across time.
Longitudinal Method/Research
Longitudinal studies collect data from the same set of individuals or participants at many time points over a long period of time. Researchers can use this approach to study individual development and examine changes and patterns that occur within individuals throughout time. Longitudinal studies include several significant characteristics.
Cross-Sectional Method/Studies
In cross-sectional studies, data are gathered from various people or groups at one particular moment. This design allows researchers to examine developmental variations at a particular stage by contrasting individuals of various ages or developmental stages.
To acquire a deeper knowledge of developmental processes, researchers frequently combine longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches. Cross-sectional studies provide important information on age-related differences and assist in identifying developmental trends and patterns across different age groups, whereas longitudinal studies offer in-depth insights into individual development and changes over time.
Related Articles
Research Proposal and Report Writing
References
Timilsena (2023). University Students Platform for Learning.
John Lock (1600) The Tabula Rasa
John B. Watson, (1878–1958). Handling the Child Characters Properly
15 Comments
Review on Developmental psychology.
ReplyDeleteDevelopmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally focused on infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adulthood, aging, and the entire lifespan.
Human growth:
Human growth refers to the physical changes and increases in size that occur throughout the lifespan, beginning at conception and continuing through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and into old age. It encompasses not only changes in height and weight but also transformations in body proportions, organ development, and physiological functioning.
During infancy and childhood, rapid growth occurs, characterized by significant increases in height, weight, and muscle mass. This period is marked by milestones such as sitting, crawling, walking, and language development.
Period of Ovum or Germinal Period or Period of Zygote
This is a short period about 15 days. After the contact of sperm and ovum the zygote moves towards uterus which takes 9 days. Once it reaches in the uterus it is divided into two parts the outer parts and inner parts.
b. Period of Embryo
This is the period up to 6 weeks. The growth in this stage goes little deeper. The vital organs are developed. For examples, nervous system, brain, skin, glands nails and hairs and various systems like excretory system salivary glands are developed.
c. Period of Fetus
The stage from two weeks to the birth comes under Fetus stage. The child is almost fully developed. If we really check the fetus around nine weeks into the pregnancy, it develops the assigned sex, though it cannot yet be seen on ultrasound. Major body systems and organs continue to develop and grow in the fetus. Hair, eyelashes, and fingernails are examples of things that grow.
Postnatal Stage: This is the period from birth and continues throughout life. It refers to all the growth and development that happens after we are born.
Early Childhood (ages 2-7): This is a time of rapid development in all areas – physically, cognitively, and socially. Children learn to walk, talk, and interact with the world around them. They start to develop a sense of independence and explore their emotions.
Late Childhood (ages 8-12): During this stage, children refine their motor skills, their thinking becomes more logical, and they develop a stronger sense of self. They become more independent and spend more time with friends.
Puberty (ages 10-14):This is a period of significant physical and hormonal changes that mark the transition from childhood to adolescence.
Adolescence (ages 14-19): Adolescence is a time of significant physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development.
Adulthood (ages 20-65): This is a broad stage encompassing young adulthood, middle adulthood, and emerging adulthood. Adults are typically focused on education, career, relationships, and starting families.
Middle Age (ages 40-65): During middle age, people often reach their peak earning capacity and may experience major life changes such as children leaving home or caring for aging parents.
Old Age (ages 65+): This is a time of continued physical and cognitive change. People may retire from work and spend more time with family and friends.
Developmental psychology isn't just about documenting changes. It seeks to understand the complex interplay of biology, experience, and culture that shapes who we become. By studying these influences, psychologists can explain typical development and identify potential challenges. This knowledge informs interventions for learning difficulties, emotional disorders, and age-related issues, ultimately promoting well-being across the lifespan.
Name: Dipak Kumar Sharma
Faculty: BBA
Semester: 3rd
Sec: (A)😊
Developmental psychology
ReplyDeleteThe above article illustrates more fact about the Developmental psychology followed by determination of sex , twins and the factors affecting it.
Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how people change and grow over the course of their lives. It focuses on the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development that occurs from infancy through adulthood and into old age. The study of developmental psychology is essential to understanding how humans learn, mature and adapt. Throughout their lives, humans go through various stages of development. Developmental psychologists study how people grow, develop and adapt at different life stages. They conduct research designed to help people reach their full potential — for example, studying the difference between learning styles in babies and adults.
Likewise, human growth refers to the physical changes that occur throughout a person's lifespan. It encompasses increases in size, weight, and other bodily dimensions, as well as changes in biological functions such as hormonal regulation and brain development. Human growth typically follows a pattern of rapid growth during infancy and childhood, followed by a period of slower growth during adolescence, and eventually reaching a plateau in adulthood. There are two stages to human growth that is prenatal stage and postnatal stage.
Conception occurs and development begins. There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. All of the major structures of the body are forming and the health of the mother is of primary concern. Then starts the postnatal stage which consists of 8 developmental stages which are
1)Babyhood period (2 weeks-2yrs)
2)Early Childhood period(2yrs-6yrs)
3)Late Childhood period(6yrs-12yrs)
4)Puberty(10yrs-13yrs)
5)Adolescence(13yrs-19/20yrs)
6)Adulthood (20yrs-40yrs)
7)Middle age(40yrs-60yrs)
8)Old age(60yrs above)
During infancy and childhood, human growth is characterized by significant changes in height, weight, and motor skills as children develop and mature. This period is marked by rapid physical development, with infants doubling their birth weight by around six months and tripling it by their first birthday. Childhood also sees the development of fine and gross motor skills, such as crawling, walking, and running, as well as the emergence of cognitive abilities and language skills.
Adolescence is another critical period of human growth, characterized by the onset of puberty and the associated physical changes, such as rapid increases in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This period is also marked by significant cognitive and socioemotional changes as adolescents navigate issues of identity, autonomy, and peer relationships.
In adulthood, human growth continues at a slower pace, with physical changes such as gradual declines in muscle mass and bone density, as well as changes in metabolism and hormonal regulation. However, adulthood also brings continued cognitive development, learning, and adaptation to changing life circumstances.
This article also gives us information about the determination of sex . The determination of sex refers to the biological process by which an individual's sex is established, typically as either male or female.
Developmental psychologists seek to understand the factors and processes that influence development, such as genetics, environment, culture, and individual experiences. They also examine various milestones and stages of development, such as language acquisition, socialization, identity formation, and moral reasoning. Overall, developmental psychology aims to gain insight into the complexities of human development and to apply this knowledge to promote positive outcomes and well-being across the lifespan.
Melina Thapa
BBA 3rd semester
Section A
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteRespected Sir,
ReplyDeleteAf first, Let me congratulate you for this article ( you can thank me later by the way) The article is very good but it could have been even better. Here, the article offers a detailed exploration of various stages of human development from conception to old age, encompassing physical, mental, and social aspects. It effectively explains key concepts such as prenatal stages, infancy, early childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, providing insights into the characteristics and challenges associated with each stage.
The discussion on the determination of sex and the formation of twins adds depth to the understanding of genetic factors influencing human development. The comparison between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, along with statistical data, enhances the comprehensiveness of the topic.
And also the article debates on nature versus nurture, continuity versus discontinuity, and stability versus change in human development, offering thought-provoking insights into these complex issues. The inclusion of philosophical perspectives and real-life examples enriches the discussion, making it engaging for readers.
One of the article's strengths is its accessibility. It presents complex concepts in a clear and straightforward manner, making it easy for readers to know about the fundamental principles of developmental psychology. And also, the inclusion of real-life examples helps illustrate theoretical concepts, enhancing the relevance and applicability of the information presented.
At last, the article provides an detailed overview of developmental psychology, also the article serves as an invaluable resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of human growth and development. Its clarity, depth, make it a positive addition to the field of developmental psychology.
Thank You
Reviewed by Prashant Shah
Sem : 3rd
Sec : B
Developmental psychology is like a journey map of how humans grow and change from the time they're in the womb to when they become adults. It's not just about physical changes but also how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
ReplyDeleteThis article offers a thorough exploration of developmental psychology, examining various stages of human growth and development from conception to old age. It provides detailed explanations of each stage, including prenatal development, infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and old age.
The article effectively discusses the factors influencing human development, such as genetics and environment, and how they interact to shape individuals throughout their lives. It also delves into the determination of sex, the formation of twins, and the impact of cultural and societal factors on development.
Furthermore, it tackles significant debates in the field, such as nature versus nurture, continuity versus discontinuity, and stability versus change, offering nuanced insights into these complex issues. The discussion of research methods, particularly longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, adds depth to the understanding of human development.
Overall, this article serves as a comprehensive resource for anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of developmental psychology, presenting complex concepts in an accessible and informative manner.
Name : Ashish Chalise
semester: 3rd
section : B
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteDevelopmental psychology is a multifaceted branch of psychology focused on understanding the progression of human growth and development from conception to old age. It encompasses physical, mental, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout an individual's lifespan. This review delves into various stages of human development, factors influencing development, and methods used to study developmental processes.
ReplyDeletePrenatal Development:
The journey of human development begins with prenatal stages, encompassing the period from conception to birth. This includes the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period, each marked by significant milestones in the formation of vital organs and systems.
1)Germinal (0-2 Weeks)
2)Embryonic (3-8 Weeks)
3)Fetal (9weeks -birth)
Postnatal Stages:
After birth, human development continues through various stages, starting with infancy, characterized by rapid growth and increasing interaction with the environment. Babyhood, Early childhood, late childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and old age are subsequent stages, each bringing unique challenges and experiences.
1)Infancy (Birth-2 weeks)
2)Babyhood period (2 weeks-2 years)
3)Early Childhood period(2 years-6 years)
4)Late Childhood period(6 years-12 years)
5)Puberty(10/12 years-13/14 years)
6)Adolescence(13 years-18/19 years)
7)Adulthood (20 years-40 years)
8)Middle age(40 years-60 years)
9)Old age(60 years- death)
The formation of twins, whether monozygotic or dizygotic, adds complexity to the study of human development. Additionally, the determination of sex involves the interplay of genetic factors inherited from parents.
Heredity and environment play pivotal roles in shaping human development. While heredity contributes genetic traits and predispositions, the environment, including nutrition, family dynamics, and cultural influences, also influences developmental outcomes.
Overall, Understanding developmental psychology is essential for comprehending the intricacies of human growth and behavior across the lifespan. By exploring various stages, factors, and methodologies in developmental psychology, researchers gain valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between biology, environment, and individual experiences in shaping human development.
BBA 3rd semester 11th batch
Name: Bhabin Kumar Darlami Magar
Section:B
Developmental psychology encompasses the study of physical, mental, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout life. From prenatal stages through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, each phase presents unique challenges, characteristics, and milestones.
ReplyDeleteThe journey begins in the womb, where prenatal stages mark the formation of vital organs and the development of major body systems. Postnatal stages bring infancy, marked by rapid growth and the acquisition of essential skills, followed by early and late childhood, characterized by exploration, socialization, and the gradual transition towards independence.
Puberty heralds the onset of adolescence, a period of intense physical and psychological changes, bridging childhood and adulthood. Adulthood represents the culmination of physical, mental, and emotional maturity, accompanied by autonomy, practicality, and life settlement.
Middle age brings reflections on achievements and transitions, while old age marks a stage of decline and dependency. Throughout these stages, the determination of sex, the phenomenon of twins, and factors influencing human development, such as heredity and environment, play significant roles.
The debate over nature versus nurture, continuity versus discontinuity, and stability versus change underscores the complexity of human development. While genetics and environmental factors shape individual trajectories, development is characterized by both predictable patterns and unique variations.
Methodologies like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies offer valuable insights into developmental processes, highlighting both individual trajectories and age-related differences.
In conclusion, developmental psychology provides a holistic understanding of human growth and development, emphasizing the interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors across the lifespan. By recognizing the dynamic nature of development, we can better support individuals in their journey towards physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Prabhat Budha
BBA 3rd Sem
Section B
Article of review
ReplyDeleteDevelopmental psychology: Human Growth & Development, Determination of Sex & Twins, Factors Affecting
Developmental psychology encompasses the study of human growth and development from conception to old age, examining physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes over time. It explores various stages such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age and old age each characterized by unique features and challenges. For instance, infancy marks rapid growth and dependence, while adolescence is a period of transition and identity formation. Adulthood signifies maturity and autonomy, whereas old age represents decline and dependency. Throughout these stages, individuals encounter physical, psychological, and social hazards, influencing their development. Understanding these stages and associated factors helps researchers and practitioners supports individuals' well-being across the lifespan.
The exploration of human growth and development encompasses a multifaceted journey influenced by a blend of genetic inheritance and environmental factors. Scholars have long debated the roles of nature versus nurture, continuity versus discontinuity, and stability versus change in shaping human development. Through longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, researchers delve into the intricate dynamics of individual and collective evolution, unraveling the intertwined threads of maturation and learning. This interdisciplinary approach illuminates the complex mosaic of human development, offering invaluable insights into its diverse patterns, stages, and potential hazards, ultimately fostering a deeper understanding of our journey from conception to old age.
Name: Devi Deuwa
Faculty: BBA
Semester: Third
Section : B
Jyoti Sunar
ReplyDeleteThe postnatal stage of human growth and development encompasses several distinct periods, each with its own unique characteristics and challenges. Let's break down each stage:
ReplyDeleteInfancy: From birth to around age two, infants rapidly grow physically and develop basic social skills, forming attachments with caregivers.
Early Childhood: Spanning ages two to six, children become highly curious and engage in imaginative play, developing language skills and asserting independence.
Late Childhood: From ages six to twelve, children refine social and cognitive skills, form friendships, and gain a deeper understanding of themselves.
Puberty: Marks the onset of adolescence, around ages ten to thirteen, characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and emotional changes.
Adolescence: Teenage years marked by identity formation, independence-seeking, exploration of values, and preparation for adulthood.
Adulthood: Begins in late teens or early twenties and continues throughout life, focusing on career, relationships, and personal growth.
Middle Age: Spans from around ages forty to sixty, marked by reflection, adjustment to aging, and reassessment of goals.
Old Age: Starts around age sixty, characterized by physical decline, increased dependence, but also opportunities for wisdom and reflection.
Throughout these stages, individuals navigate unique challenges and opportunities, drawing on their experiences and support systems to promote well-being and personal growth across the lifespan.
Sandesh khadka
DeleteBBA 3rd sem
sec"A"
Developmental psychology is the scientific field that studies how people grow and change throughout their lives. It examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development from infancy to old age. This field is important to understand how humans learn, mature, and adapt.
ReplyDeleteThere are two main stages of human growth: prenatal and postnatal. Prenatal development involves the three stages of germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Postnatal development is broken down into eight stages: infancy, early childhood, late childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and old age. Each stage has specific characteristics and challenges.
One important aspect of development is the determination of sex. This is the biological process that establishes an individual as male or female. Genetics also play a role in development, with identical twins (monozygotic) sharing all their genes and fraternal twins (dizygotic) sharing only half.
Developmental psychologists explore many factors that influence development, including genetics, environment, culture, and individual experiences. They also study milestones and stages like language acquisition, socialization, and moral reasoning. By understanding these complexities, developmental psychology aims to improve human well-being throughout the lifespan.
Dilip Adhikari
BBA 3rd Sem
MUSOM
Developmental psychology, focusing on human growth and development, offers profound insights into the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes throughout a lifespan. This field underscores the significance of early childhood experiences, highlighting the role of nature and nurture in shaping an individual's developmental trajectory.A crucial aspect within this domain is the determination of sex, which is governed by genetic mechanisms involving the X and Y chromosomes. Typically, an XX configuration results in a female, while an XY configuration results in a male. This biological determination is pivotal in understanding gender development and its subsequent influence on identity and behavior.The study of twins, particularly monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, provides unique insights into the nature versus nurture debate. Identical twins, sharing the same genetic makeup, serve as a natural experiment to examine the effects of environment on development, while fraternal twins help in understanding genetic variation.Several factors affect human development, including genetic predispositions, prenatal conditions, and environmental influences. Socioeconomic status, family dynamics, education, and cultural context play significant roles in shaping developmental outcomes. Understanding these multifaceted influences helps in crafting interventions and policies aimed at promoting optimal development across various stages of life. Overall, developmental psychology provides a comprehensive framework to understand the intricate processes of human growth and the diverse factors influencing it.
ReplyDeleteSita chalaune
3rd semester
Sec: B
The article provides an accessible overview of how humans grow and develop throughout their lives, covering various stages from before birth to old age. It begins by introducing developmental psychology, which focuses on understanding the changes people go through physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally. This field explores everything from how babies develop in the womb to how older adults adapt to aging.
ReplyDeleteOne of the key points discussed is the prenatal stage, which refers to the time before birth. It explains the process of conception and the different periods of prenatal development, such as the ovum, embryo, and fetus stages. Each stage is characterized by specific changes and milestones, such as the development of vital organs and the formation of distinct physical features.
Moving beyond prenatal development, the article covers the various stages of life after birth. It describes infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and old age, highlighting the unique characteristics and challenges of each stage. For example, infancy is characterized by rapid growth and development, while adolescence is marked by significant physical and emotional changes.
The article also explores factors that influence human development, including genetics and the environment. It discusses how our genes, inherited from our parents, play a role in determining aspects of our growth, such as height, intelligence, and personality. Additionally, it emphasizes the impact of environmental factors like nutrition, family dynamics, and cultural influences on our development.
Furthermore, the article delves into the fascinating topic of twins and how they are formed. It distinguishes between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, explaining the genetic and biological processes involved in each type. It also provides interesting statistics on twin births worldwide, highlighting regional variations in twin birth rates.
Lastly, the article discusses research methods used to study human development, such as longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. These methods help researchers understand how people change over time and across different age groups, providing valuable insights into the complexities of human growth and development.
In summary, the article offers a comprehensive and accessible overview of developmental psychology, shedding light on the fascinating journey of human growth and development from conception to old age.
Name : Roshan aryal
Semester :3rd
Section :B